<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ali Hasanbeigi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hongyou Lu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christopher J. Williams</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lynn K. Price</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Best Practices for Pre- Processing and Co-Processing Municipal Solid Waste and Sewage Sludge in the Cement Industry</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cement industry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">china energy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">china energy group</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">co-processing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy analysis and environmental impacts department</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">industrial energy efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">policy studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-processing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sewage sludge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">solid waste</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://eetd.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/publications/co-processing.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</style></publisher><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Co-processing municipal solid waste (MSW) and sewage sludge in cement kilns can both reduce the cementindustry's growing fossil fuel use and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and help address the increasing needfor safe and environmentally sensitive municipal waste treatment and disposal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The cement industry accounts for approximately 5 percent of current anthropogenic CO2 emissionsworldwide. Given increasing cement demand and production, the industry's absolute energy use and CO2emissions will continue to grow. Cement kilns typically burn fossil fuels, which are non-renewable andbeing depleted rapidly. Treating wastes in cement kilns, known as co-processing, can reduce the industry'sreliance on fossil fuels and decrease associated CO2 emissions. The ashes from waste co-processing will beintegrated into the clinker which can result in saving the virgin raw materials. In addition, treating wastes incement production can help alleviate the problems associated with the increase in waste generationaround the world, especially in developing countries experiencing rapid urbanization. Municipalities andgovernments in many urban areas, especially those with underdeveloped waste management systems,face growing difficulties disposing of MSW and sewage sludge in a manner that protects human andenvironmental health.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The high temperatures and sufficiently long residence time in cement kilns and other characteristics ofcement production make co-processing of waste materials a viable strategy. Wastes have been co-processed in cement kilns for more than 20 years, and this practice is prevalent in some developedcountries such as the United States and Japan, as well as in a number of countries in the European Union.Many developing countries such as China and nations in Southeast Asia are initiating programs to promoteco-processing of wastes in the cement industry. Regulations, standards, and the technical infrastructure inthese developing countries are less mature than in countries that have a long experience with co-processing waste in the cement industry.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of this report is to describe international best practices for pre-processing and co-processingof MSW and sewage sludge in cement plants, for the benefit of countries that wish to develop co-processing capacity. The report is divided into three main sections. Section 2 describes the fundamentals of co-processing, Section 3 describes exemplary international regulatory and institutional frameworks for co-processing, and Section 4 describes international best practices related to the technological aspects of co-processing.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record></records></xml>