Section 6 - Developing Country Energy and Environmental Issues

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Section 6.1 - Water Treatment

Report number: Year: 2008

Title: Improving Drinking Water through Innovative Technologies and Business Models Published in: Innovative New Technologies for Sustainable Development and Reversing Climate Change.

Authors: Gadgil, A.J., Zaidman, Y., Thomas Goreau Type: Book Section

Report number: Year: 2007

Title: Arsenic Remediation of Bangladesh Drinking Water using Iron-oxide Coated Coal Ash Published in: Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater: Mechanism, Analysis, and Remediation.

Authors: Gadgil, A.J., Gundel, L.A., Galitsky, C., Stuart Rice Type: Book Section

Report number: LBNL-52374 Year: 2003

Title: Providing safe drinking water to 1.1 billion unserved people Published in: Proceedings of the 96th Annual AWMA Conference, San Diego, CA.

Authors: Gadgil, A.J., Derby, E. Type: Conference Proceedings

Abstract: Despite substantial advances in the past 100 years in public health, technology and medicine, 20% of the world population, mostly comprised of the poor population segments in developing countries (DCs), still does not have access to safe drinking water. To reach the United Nations (UN) Millennium Goal of halving the number of people without access to safe water by 2015, the global community will need to provide an additional one billion urban residents and 600 million rural residents with safe water within the next twelve years. This paper examines current water treatment measures and implementation methods for delivery of safe drinking water, and offers suggestions for making progress towards the goal of providing a timely and equitable solution for safe water provision. For water treatment, based on the serious limitations of boiling water and chlorination, we suggest an approach based on filtration coupled with ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, combined with public education. Additionally, owing to the capacity limitations for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to take on this task primarily on their own, we suggest a strategy based on financially sustainable models that include the private sector as well as NGOs.

Section 6.2 - Other

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Report number: LBNL-59540 Year: 2006

Title: Fuel Efficient Stoves for Darfur camps of Internally Displaced Persons Report of Field trip to North and South Darfur, Nov. 16 - Dec.17, 2005 Published in:

Authors: Galitsky, C., Gadgil, A.J., Jacobs, M., Lee, Y.M. Type: Report

Abstract: Approximately 2.2 million internally displaced persons ("IDPs") in Darfur are living in dense camps scattered in arid areas with low fuelwood productivity. Unsustainable harvesting of fuelwood by the IDPs has created ever increasing zones of denudation, that now (in November 2005) have reached several kilometers from the camp boundaries. Leaving the safety of the camps to fetch fuelwood from farther and farther away imposes great risk and hardship on the IDP women. Three different metal fuel efficient stove ("FES") designs were tested in Darfur IDP camps for their suitability to substantially reduce the fuelwood needs of IDPs. The mud-and-dung "ITDG" stoves being promoted under the current FES program were also examined and tested. A modified design of the ITDG mud-and-dung stove, "Avi," was developed, built and tested. Systematic informal surveys of IDP households were undertaken in North and South Darfur to understand the household parameters related to family size, food, fuel, cooking habits, cooking pots, expenditure on fuel, and preferences related to alternative ways to spend time/money if fuel could be saved. Surveys found that a significant fraction of families are missing meals for lack of fuel (50% in South Darfur, and 90% in the North Darfur camps visited by the mission). About 60% of women in South Darfur, and about 90% of women in North Darfur camps purchase fuelwood. Selling some of the food rations to purchase fuel to cook meals was significant (40%) in South Darfur and has become common (80%) in North Darfur. The LBNL mission found that two of the metal stoves and the mud-and-dung Avi can significantly reduce fuelwood consumption using the same fuel, pot, cooking methods, and food ingredients used by Darfur IDPs. The most suitable design for Darfur conditions would be a modified "Tara" stove. With training of the cooks in tending the fire, this stove can save 50% fuel for the IDPs. The stove costs less than $10 (US) to produce in Darfur, and saves fuelwood worth $160 annually at local market prices. For programmatic and administrative reasons, the LBNL mission do not recommend a mud-and-dung stove, for which control of quality and dimensional accuracy is expensive and cumbersome to administer, particularly in a rapid large rollout effort. A light metal stove, on the other hand, can be rapidly produced in large numbers locally in Darfur, with good quality control exercised on the material and dimensions of the stoves right at the workshop where it is produced. LBNL mission also recommends immediate trials of 50 Tara stoves in a pilot technical rollout, 500 Tara stoves in a pilot social rollout, in parallel with a technical effort to modify the Tara design to make it better suited for Darfur camp conditions. The mission also recommends a program for manufacturing, disseminating the metal stoves, and educating the IDPs in fuel-efficient cooking practices. Monitoring of the stove quality, dissemination effort and training should be an integral part of the program, with systematic summaries planned with 10,000, 50,000 and 100,000 stoves have been disseminated. In the above pilot rollouts as well as in the final implementation, it is important to continue to pay attention to training of the cooks in tending the cooking fire in the stoves, and offer continued social reinforcement to this training (e.g., through periodic competitions to cook normal meals with the least fuelwood use.)

Report number: LBNL-61902 Year: 2006

Title: India: Special Role and Responses Published in: Climate Change Science and Policy.

Authors: Gadgil, A.J., Lele, S., Steve Schneider, Armin Rosencranz, Michael Mastrandrea Type: Book Section

Report number: LBNL-58011 Year: 2005

Title: Sustainable, efficient electricity service for one billion people Published in: Energy for Sustainable Development, Volume IX, Pages 26-34.

Authors: Fulkerson, W., Levine, M.D., Sinton, J., Gadgil, A. Type: Journal Article

Report number: LBNL-50498 Year: 2002

Title: What can history teach us?: A retrospective analysis of long-term energy forecasts for the U.S Published in: Annual Reviews of Energy and the Environment, Volume 27, Pages 83-118.

Authors: Craig, P., Gadgil, A. J., Koomey, J. Type: Journal Article

Abstract: This paper explores how long-term energy forecasts are created and why they are useful. It focuses on forecasts of energy use in the United States for the year 2000 but considers only long-term predictions, i.e., those covering two or more decades. The motivation is current interest in global warming forecasts, some of which run beyond a century. The basic observation is that forecasters in the 1950-1980 period underestimated the importance of unmodeled surprises. A key example is the failure to foresee the ability of the United States economy to respond to the oil embargos of the 1970s by increasing efficiency. Not only were most forecasts of that period systematically high, but forecasters systematically underestimated uncertainties. Long-term energy forecasts must make assumptions about both technologies and social systems. At their most successful, they influence how people act by showing the consequences of not acting. They are useful when they provide insights to energy planners, influence the perceptions of the public and the energy policy community, capture current understanding of underlying physical and economic principles, or highlight key emerging social or economic trends.

Report number: LBNL-42358 Year: 1999

Title: A Cost-Neutral Strategy for Maximal Use of Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Efficiency in Manaus, Brazil Published in: Energy Policy, Volume 27, Pages 357-367.

Authors: Gadgil, A. J., Jannuzzi, G. M., Silva, E., Leonardi, M.L. Type: Journal Article

Report number: LBNL-44376 Year: 1998

Title: Residential Lighting in Lithuania Published in: Energy Policy, Volume 27, Pages 603-611.

Authors: Kazakevicius, E. Type: Journal Article

Report number: LBNL-39491 Year: 1996

Title: The Bombay Efficient Lighting Large-scale Experiment (BELLE): a blueprint for improving energy efficiency and reducing peak electric demand in a developing country Published in: Atmospheric Environment, Volume 30, Pages 803-808.

Authors: Sastry, M. A., Gadgil, A. J. Type: Journal Article

Report number: Year: 1996

Title: Projects Toward Energy Sustainability in Cities and Rural Communities in the Developing Countries Published in: Proceedings of the United Nations Habitat II, Istanbul.

Authors: Gadgil, A. J. Type: Conference Proceedings

Report number: LBNL-39491 Year: 1996

Title: Bombay Efficient Lighting Large-Scale Experiment (Belle): Blueprint for Improving Energy Efficiency and Reducing Peak Electric Demand in a Developing Country Published in: Atmospheric Environment, Volume 30, Pages 803-808.

Authors: Gadgil, A. J. Type: Journal Article

Report number: Year: 1995

Title: Assessing the Residential Lighting Efficiency Opportunities in Guadalajara and Monterey, Mexico Published in: Energy, Volume 20, Pages 151-159.

Authors: Friedmann, R., De Buen, O., Sathaye, J., Gadgil, A., Saucedo, R., Rodriquez, G. Type: Journal Article

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Report number:	Year: 2008
Title: Improving Drinking Water through Innovative Technologies and Business Models	Published in: Innovative New Technologies for Sustainable Development and Reversing Climate Change.
Authors: Gadgil, A.J., Zaidman, Y., Thomas Goreau	Type: Book Section

Report number:	Year: 2007
Title: Arsenic Remediation of Bangladesh Drinking Water using Iron-oxide Coated Coal Ash	Published in: Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater: Mechanism, Analysis, and Remediation.
Authors: Gadgil, A.J., Gundel, L.A., Galitsky, C., Stuart Rice	Type: Book Section

Report number: LBNL-52374	Year: 2003
Title: Providing safe drinking water to 1.1 billion unserved people	Published in: Proceedings of the 96th Annual AWMA Conference, San Diego, CA.
Authors: Gadgil, A.J., Derby, E.	Type: Conference Proceedings
Abstract: Despite substantial advances in the past 100 years in public health, technology and medicine, 20% of the world population, mostly comprised of the poor population segments in developing countries (DCs), still does not have access to safe drinking water. To reach the United Nations (UN) Millennium Goal of halving the number of people without access to safe water by 2015, the global community will need to provide an additional one billion urban residents and 600 million rural residents with safe water within the next twelve years. This paper examines current water treatment measures and implementation methods for delivery of safe drinking water, and offers suggestions for making progress towards the goal of providing a timely and equitable solution for safe water provision. For water treatment, based on the serious limitations of boiling water and chlorination, we suggest an approach based on filtration coupled with ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, combined with public education. Additionally, owing to the capacity limitations for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to take on this task primarily on their own, we suggest a strategy based on financially sustainable models that include the private sector as well as NGOs.

Report number: LBNL-59540	Year: 2006
Title: Fuel Efficient Stoves for Darfur camps of Internally Displaced Persons Report of Field trip to North and South Darfur, Nov. 16 - Dec.17, 2005	Published in:
Authors: Galitsky, C., Gadgil, A.J., Jacobs, M., Lee, Y.M.	Type: Report
Abstract: Approximately 2.2 million internally displaced persons ("IDPs") in Darfur are living in dense camps scattered in arid areas with low fuelwood productivity. Unsustainable harvesting of fuelwood by the IDPs has created ever increasing zones of denudation, that now (in November 2005) have reached several kilometers from the camp boundaries. Leaving the safety of the camps to fetch fuelwood from farther and farther away imposes great risk and hardship on the IDP women. Three different metal fuel efficient stove ("FES") designs were tested in Darfur IDP camps for their suitability to substantially reduce the fuelwood needs of IDPs. The mud-and-dung "ITDG" stoves being promoted under the current FES program were also examined and tested. A modified design of the ITDG mud-and-dung stove, "Avi," was developed, built and tested. Systematic informal surveys of IDP households were undertaken in North and South Darfur to understand the household parameters related to family size, food, fuel, cooking habits, cooking pots, expenditure on fuel, and preferences related to alternative ways to spend time/money if fuel could be saved. Surveys found that a significant fraction of families are missing meals for lack of fuel (50% in South Darfur, and 90% in the North Darfur camps visited by the mission). About 60% of women in South Darfur, and about 90% of women in North Darfur camps purchase fuelwood. Selling some of the food rations to purchase fuel to cook meals was significant (40%) in South Darfur and has become common (80%) in North Darfur. The LBNL mission found that two of the metal stoves and the mud-and-dung Avi can significantly reduce fuelwood consumption using the same fuel, pot, cooking methods, and food ingredients used by Darfur IDPs. The most suitable design for Darfur conditions would be a modified "Tara" stove. With training of the cooks in tending the fire, this stove can save 50% fuel for the IDPs. The stove costs less than $10 (US) to produce in Darfur, and saves fuelwood worth $160 annually at local market prices. For programmatic and administrative reasons, the LBNL mission do not recommend a mud-and-dung stove, for which control of quality and dimensional accuracy is expensive and cumbersome to administer, particularly in a rapid large rollout effort. A light metal stove, on the other hand, can be rapidly produced in large numbers locally in Darfur, with good quality control exercised on the material and dimensions of the stoves right at the workshop where it is produced. LBNL mission also recommends immediate trials of 50 Tara stoves in a pilot technical rollout, 500 Tara stoves in a pilot social rollout, in parallel with a technical effort to modify the Tara design to make it better suited for Darfur camp conditions. The mission also recommends a program for manufacturing, disseminating the metal stoves, and educating the IDPs in fuel-efficient cooking practices. Monitoring of the stove quality, dissemination effort and training should be an integral part of the program, with systematic summaries planned with 10,000, 50,000 and 100,000 stoves have been disseminated. In the above pilot rollouts as well as in the final implementation, it is important to continue to pay attention to training of the cooks in tending the cooking fire in the stoves, and offer continued social reinforcement to this training (e.g., through periodic competitions to cook normal meals with the least fuelwood use.)

Report number: LBNL-61902	Year: 2006
Title: India: Special Role and Responses	Published in: Climate Change Science and Policy.
Authors: Gadgil, A.J., Lele, S., Steve Schneider, Armin Rosencranz, Michael Mastrandrea	Type: Book Section

Report number: LBNL-58011	Year: 2005
Title: Sustainable, efficient electricity service for one billion people	Published in: Energy for Sustainable Development, Volume IX, Pages 26-34.
Authors: Fulkerson, W., Levine, M.D., Sinton, J., Gadgil, A.	Type: Journal Article

Report number: LBNL-50498	Year: 2002
Title: What can history teach us?: A retrospective analysis of long-term energy forecasts for the U.S	Published in: Annual Reviews of Energy and the Environment, Volume 27, Pages 83-118.
Authors: Craig, P., Gadgil, A. J., Koomey, J.	Type: Journal Article
Abstract: This paper explores how long-term energy forecasts are created and why they are useful. It focuses on forecasts of energy use in the United States for the year 2000 but considers only long-term predictions, i.e., those covering two or more decades. The motivation is current interest in global warming forecasts, some of which run beyond a century. The basic observation is that forecasters in the 1950-1980 period underestimated the importance of unmodeled surprises. A key example is the failure to foresee the ability of the United States economy to respond to the oil embargos of the 1970s by increasing efficiency. Not only were most forecasts of that period systematically high, but forecasters systematically underestimated uncertainties. Long-term energy forecasts must make assumptions about both technologies and social systems. At their most successful, they influence how people act by showing the consequences of not acting. They are useful when they provide insights to energy planners, influence the perceptions of the public and the energy policy community, capture current understanding of underlying physical and economic principles, or highlight key emerging social or economic trends.

Report number: LBNL-42358	Year: 1999
Title: A Cost-Neutral Strategy for Maximal Use of Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Efficiency in Manaus, Brazil	Published in: Energy Policy, Volume 27, Pages 357-367.
Authors: Gadgil, A. J., Jannuzzi, G. M., Silva, E., Leonardi, M.L.	Type: Journal Article

Report number: LBNL-44376	Year: 1998
Title: Residential Lighting in Lithuania	Published in: Energy Policy, Volume 27, Pages 603-611.
Authors: Kazakevicius, E.	Type: Journal Article

Report number: LBNL-39491	Year: 1996
Title: The Bombay Efficient Lighting Large-scale Experiment (BELLE): a blueprint for improving energy efficiency and reducing peak electric demand in a developing country	Published in: Atmospheric Environment, Volume 30, Pages 803-808.
Authors: Sastry, M. A., Gadgil, A. J.	Type: Journal Article

Report number:	Year: 1996
Title: Projects Toward Energy Sustainability in Cities and Rural Communities in the Developing Countries	Published in: Proceedings of the United Nations Habitat II, Istanbul.
Authors: Gadgil, A. J.	Type: Conference Proceedings

Report number: LBNL-39491	Year: 1996
Title: Bombay Efficient Lighting Large-Scale Experiment (Belle): Blueprint for Improving Energy Efficiency and Reducing Peak Electric Demand in a Developing Country	Published in: Atmospheric Environment, Volume 30, Pages 803-808.
Authors: Gadgil, A. J.	Type: Journal Article

Report number:	Year: 1995
Title: Assessing the Residential Lighting Efficiency Opportunities in Guadalajara and Monterey, Mexico	Published in: Energy, Volume 20, Pages 151-159.
Authors: Friedmann, R., De Buen, O., Sathaye, J., Gadgil, A., Saucedo, R., Rodriquez, G.	Type: Journal Article