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| Report number: LBNL-948E | Year: 2008 |
| Title: Energy Implications of Economizer Use in California Data Centers | Published in: |
| Authors: Shehabi, A., Ganguly, S., Travel, K., Price, H., Horvath, A., Nazaroff, W.W., Gadgil, A.J. | Type: Report |
| Report number: LBNL-306E | Year: 2008 |
| Title: Towards a Sustainable Energy Balance: Progressive Efficiency and the Return of Energy Conservation | Published in: Submitted to Energy Efficiency. |
| Authors: Harris, J., Diamond, R.C., Iyer, M., Payne, C., Blumstein, C., Siderius, H.P. | Type: Journal Article |
| Report number: LBNL-322E | Year: 2008 |
| Title: Greening the U.S. House of Representatives | Published in: |
| Authors: Diamond, R.C., Payne, C. | Type: Report |
| Report number: LBNL-59293 | Year: 2006 |
| Title: Indoor Air Quality Impacts of a Peak Load Shedding Strategy for a Large Retail Building | Published in: |
| Authors: Hotchi, T., Hodgson, A., Fisk, W. J. | Type: Report |
| Report number: LBNL-59853 | Year: 2006 |
| Title: Evaluating the energy performance of the first generation of LEED-certified commercial buildings | Published in: ACEEE 2006 Summer Study, Volume 3, Pages 245-257. |
| Authors: Diamond, R., Opitz, M., Hicks, T., Vonneida, B., Herrera, S. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: Over three hundred buildings have been certified under the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system for sustainable commercial buildings as of January 2006. This paper explores the modeled and actual energy performance of a sample of 21 of these buildings that certified under LEED between December 2001 and August 2005, including how extensively the design teams pursued LEED energy-efficiency credits, the modeled design and baseline energy performance, and the actual energy use during the first few years of operation. We collected utility billing data from 2003-2005 and compared the billed energy consumption with the modeled energy use. We also calculated Energy Star ratings for the buildings and compared them to peer groups where possible. The mean savings modeled for the sample was 27% compared to their modeled baseline values. For the group of 18 buildings for which we have both modeled and billed energy use, the mean value for actual consumption was 1% lower than modeled energy use, with a wide variation around the mean. The mean Energy Star score was 71 out of a total of 100 points, higher than the average score of 50 but slightly below the Energy Star award threshold of 75 points. The paper discusses the limitations inherent to this type of analysis, such as the small sample size of disparate buildings, the uncertainties in actual floor area, and the discrepancies between metered sections of the buildings. Despite these limitations, the value of the work is that it presents an early view of the actual energy performance for a set of 21 LEED-certified buildings. | |
| Report number: LBNL-58252 | Year: 2005 |
| Title: Rationale For Measuring Duct Leakage Flows in Large Commercial Buildings | Published in: 26th AIVC International Conference, Pages pp. 83-88. |
| Authors: Wray, C.P., Diamond, R., Sherman, M. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: Industry-wide methods of assessing duct leakage are based on duct pressurization tests, and focus on "high pressure" ducts. Even though "low pressure" ducts can be a large fraction of the system and tend to be leaky, few guidelines or construction specifications require testing these ducts. We report here on the measured leakage flows from ten large commercial duct systems at operating conditions: three had low leakage (less than 5% of duct inlet flow), and seven had substantial leakage (9 to 26%). By comparing these flows with leakage flows estimated using the industry method, we show that the latter method by itself is not a reliable indicator of whole-system leakage flow, and that leakage flows need to be measured. | |
| Report number: LBNL-58580 | Year: 2005 |
| Title: Is Efficiency Enough? Towards a New Framework for Carbon Savings in the California Residential Sector | Published in: |
| Authors: Moezzi, M., Diamond, R. | Type: Report |
| Abstract: Mainstream implementations of energy efficiency in the United States are not adequately aligned with the environmental benefits claimed for efficiency, as they do not consider absolute levels of energy use, pollutant emissions, or consumption, and at times even encourage consumption. By understanding the lack of synchronization between environmental objectives and efficiency as it has been implemented, a more effective basis for policy can be reached. Our research seeks to motivate and initiate exploration of alternative modes of defining efficiency or otherwise moderating energy use toward addressing environmental objectives, as applicable to residential electricity use in California. We offer three main recommendations: 1) Consider integrating absolute consumption into technical definitions of efficiency, 2) Attend to the social messages of energy efficiency communications and in general better integrate the environmental consequences of energy use, and 3) Develop a more critical perspective on benefits and limitations of energy efficiency for delivering environmental benefits. In keeping with the exploratory nature of this project, we identify ten questions for further investigation. | |
| Report number: LBNL-57277 | Year: 2005 |
| Title: Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance of Modular Classroom HVAC Systems | Published in: Proceedings of Sustainable Buildings 2005 Conference, Pages 1432-1437. |
| Authors: Apte, M G., Spears, M., Lai, C.M., Shendel, D.G. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: The factory-built relocatable classroom (RC) is a dominant force in the school facility construction industry in the United States (U.S.) and elsewhere. It is estimated that there are approximately 650,000 RCs currently occupied in the U.S., housing about 16 million students. RCs receive public attention due to complaints about poor indoor environmental quality (IEQ). Both measured data and anecdotal evidence in California have suggested excessive acoustical noise from heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment as a central factor leading to degraded IEQ. In the U.S., RCs are typically equipped with unitary exterior wall-mount HVAC systems, and interior acoustical noise due to structural and airborne transmission can reach levels of about 58dB(A) with compressor cycling, under unoccupied conditions. Due to these noise levels teachers often simply choose to turn off the HVAC, leading to inadequate ventilation, as well as poor thermal conditioning, and thus to poor indoor air quality. Elevated levels of carbon dioxide and volatile organic compounds including formaldehyde are common. We discuss the acoustic component of our efforts to develop and test energy efficient HVAC systems that address the ventilation, controls, and acoustic requirements necessary to ensure high quality indoor environments in RCs. | |
| Report number: LBNL-57172 | Year: 2005 |
| Title: Improving Relocatable Classroom HVAC For Improved IEQ And Energy Efficiency | Published in: Indoor Air 2005 Conference - The 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Volume 1(7), Pages 1121-1125. |
| Authors: Apte, M G., Faulkner, D, Fisk, W.J., Hodgson, A.T., Hotchi, T., Lai, C.M., Spears, M., Sullivan, D.P., Wang, D. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: Relocatable classrooms (RCs) in California (CA) alone house about 2 million students in more than 80,000 structures. These buildings are typically under-ventilated, often due to low HVAC utilization because of excessive HVAC acoustic noise, and because when automatically operated they only ventilate during thermal conditioning. It can be predicted that such conditions affect the quality education and student health. These systems are also energy inefficient and peak-load demanding. With a manufacturer of wall-mounted HVAC systems, we are developing a new system addressing these problems. Design goals include a =30% increase the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) over the current SEER 10 system, noise reduction =45 dB(A), continuous ventilation meeting CA State code requirements (e.g. ASHRAE 62.1 ventilation standard of 7 l s-1 per occupant and a pre-occupancy air purge). The prototype was operated in an RC test-bed to characterize its performance from the standpoint of ventilation, and thermal control, acoustical noise, and energy consumption. Ten of the new HVAC systems are also being monitored for one year in matched pairs with the current standard HVAC systems after being installed in identical occupied RCs in four schools in Northern and Southern CA. Continuous measurements include indoor and outdoor carbon dioxide, temperature, relative humidity, and HVAC power consumption. Additionally, acoustical noise levels; thermal comfort; and concentrations of volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, and ozone will be measured on a regular schedule throughout the study year. Daily classroom occupancy rates will be collected from the class records. The potential IEQ and energy savings benefits of the system will be presented from preliminary data collected in the field. | |
| Report number: LBNL-54230 | Year: 2004 |
| Title: Energy savings estimates and cost benefit calculations for high performance relocatable classrooms | Published in: |
| Authors: Rainer, L., Hoeschele, M., Apte, M.G., Shendell, D.G., Fisk, W.J. | Type: Report |
| Abstract: This report addresses the results of detailed monitoring completed under Program Element 6 of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's High Performance Commercial Building Systems (HPCBS) PIER program. The purpose of the Energy Simulations and Projected State-Wide Energy Savings project is to develop reasonable energy performance and cost models for high performance relocatable classrooms (RCs) across California climates. A key objective of the energy monitoring was to validate DOE2 simulations for comparison to initial DOE2 performance projections. The validated DOE2 model was then used to develop statewide savings projections by modeling base case and high performance RC operation in the 16 California climate zones. The HPCBS energy efficient RC design is based upon earlier work by Davis Energy Group with Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), which culminated in the PG&E Premium Efficient Relocatable Classroom (PERC) program (DEG 1997). The envelope energy efficiency measures selected for the HPCBS project are similar to the PERC Package 1 except the HPCBS package substitutes a white ("Cool Roof") coating for the radiant barrier in the attic space. In addition to the standard wall-mount heat pump system (HPAC), the HPCBS RCs utilize an advanced hybrid system combining an Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooler (IDEC), which provides two-stage evaporative cooling, and an instantaneous gas-fired heater and hydronic coil for heating. Simulations described in this report add upon those conducted in program year one, with the benefit of data collected during the energy and indoor air and environmental quality (IEQ) field monitoring. Data from the field studies have been used to improve model inputs. The revised DOE2 analyses presented here provide an improved assessment of statewide energy performance for both base case and high performance RCs. Since the initiation of this project a new revision of the California Title 24 Building Standards has begun (scheduled for release in 2005). As part of this process, RCs were examined and new code enforcement procedures were developed which will result in new RCs having envelope energy features very close to the HPCBS design. Table 1 summarizes key energy features of the HPCBS RC package. Additional background information on the construction details and assumed operating characteristics of RCs, as well as full-year DOE2 performance projections, can be found in the 2001 project report entitled Relocatable Classroom DOE2 Analysis Report, (Apte et al 2001, Shendell et al 2002) | |
| Report number: LBNL-54191 | Year: 2004 |
| Title: A prototype data archive for the PIER "thermal distribution systems in commercial buildings" project | Published in: |
| Authors: Diamond, R.C., Wray, C.P., Smith, B.V., Dickerhoff, D.J., Matson, N.E., Cox, S.A. | Type: Report |
| Abstract: A prototype archive for a selection of building energy data on thermal distribution systems in commercial buildings was developed and pilot tested. While the pilot demonstrated the successful development of the data archive prototype, several questions remain about the usefulness of such an archive. Specifically, questions on the audience, frequency of use, maintenance, and updating of the archive would need to be addressed before this prototype is taken to the next level. | |
| Report number: LBNL-56173 | Year: 2004 |
| Title: An R&D guide and multiyear plan for improving energy use in existing commercial buildings | Published in: |
| Authors: Diamond, R. | Type: Report |
| Report number: LBNL-53785 | Year: 2003 |
| Title: Worker productivity and ventilation rate in a call center: Analyses of time-series data for a group of registered nurses | Published in: |
| Authors: Fisk, W.J., Price, P.N., Faulkner, D., Sullivan, D.P., DiBartolomeo, D.L., Federspiel, C., Liu, G., Lahiff, M. | Type: Report |
| Abstract: We investigated the relationship of ventilation rates with the performance of advice nurses working in a call center. Ventilation rates were manipulated; temperatures, humidities, and CO2 concentrations were monitored; and worker performance data, with 30-minute resolution, were collected. Multivariate linear regression was used to investigate the association of worker performance with indoor minus outdoor CO2 concentration (which increases with decreasing ventilation rate per worker) and with building ventilation rate. Results suggest that the effect of ventilation rate on worker performance in this call center was very small (probably less than 1%) or nil, over most of the range of ventilation rate (roughly 12 L s-1 to 48 L s-1 per person). However, there is some evidence of worker performance improvements of 2% or more when the indoor CO2 concentration exceeded the outdoor concentration by less than 75 ppm.[1067] | |
| Report number: LBNL-50969 | Year: 2003 |
| Title: A lifestyle-based scenario for U.S. buildings: Implications for energy us | Published in: Energy Policy, Volume 31, Pages 1205-1211. |
| Authors: Diamond, Rick. 2003. | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: Can lifestyle-based scenarios provide insight into the nature of energy use in our future buildings? Participants in a design charrette brainstormed ideas about the future of US homes and workplaces. The teams started from several descriptions of daily lifestyles, and developed specific building characteristics as the place settings for these narratives. In addition to characterizing the physical environment, the teams also identified the forces that would be influential in making these changes. Further reflection was made on the possible unintended consequences of these changes. The energy implications of these changes were characterized with respect to magnitude and direction. While acknowledging the speculative nature of the exercise, the rationale was to broaden the discussion on future energy use by looking at future scenarios in the context of everyday life. | |
| Report number: LBNL-52690 | Year: 2003 |
| Title: Simultaneous Energy Savings and IEQ Improvements in Relocatable Classrooms | Published in: |
| Authors: Apte, M.G., Hodgson, A.T., Shendell, D.G., Dibartolomeo, D., Hotchi, T., Lee, S.M., Liff, S.M., Rainer, L.I., Sullivan, D.P., Fisk, W.J.. | Type: Report |
| Abstract: Relocatable classrooms (RCs) are commonly used by school districts with changing demographics and enrollment sizes. We designed and constructed four energy-efficient RCs for this study to demonstrate technologies with the potential to simultaneously improve energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality (IEQ). Two were installed at each of two school districts, and energy use and IEQ parameters were monitored during occupancy. Two RCs (one per school) were finished with materials selected for reduced emissions of toxic and odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Each had two HVAC systems, operated on alternate weeks, consisting of a standard heat-pump system and an indirect-direct evaporative cooling (IDEC) system with gas-fired hydronic heating. The IDEC system provides continuous outside air ventilation at "15 CFM (7.5 L s-1) person-1, efficient particle filtration while using significantly less energy for cooling. School year long measurements included: carbon dioxide (CO2), particles, VOCs, temperature, humidity, thermal comfort, noise, meteorology, and energy use. IEQ monitoring results indicate that important ventilation-relevant indoor CO2 and health-relevant VOC concentration reductions were achieved while average cooling and heating energy costs were simultaneously reduced by 50% and 30%, respectively. | |
| Report number: LBNL-54870 | Year: 2003 |
| Title: Simultaneous Improvements in Relocatable Classrooms | Published in: ASHRAE IAQ Applications, Pages 7-10. |
| Authors: Apte, M G., Hodgson, A., Shendel, D.G., Dibartolomeo, D., Hotchi, T., Lee, S-M, Liff, S., Rainer, L., Sullivan, D, Fisk, W.J. | Type: Journal Article |
| Report number: LBNL-50704 | Year: 2002 |
| Title: Becoming allies: Combining social science and technological perspectives to improve energy research and policy making | Published in: Proceedings of the ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Pacific Grove, CA, Volume 4, Pages 89-104. |
| Authors: Diamond, R.C., M. Moezzi | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: Within the energy research community, social sciences tends to be viewed fairly narrowly, often as simply a marketing tool to change the behavior of consumers and decision makers, and to "attack market barriers." As we see it, social sciences, which draws on sociology, psychology, political science, business administration, and other academic disciplines, is capable of far more. A social science perspective can re- align questions in ways that can lead to the development of technologies and technology policy that are much stronger and potentially more successful than they would be otherwise. In most energy policies governing commercial buildings, the prevailing R&D directives are firmly rooted in a technology framework, one that is generally more quantitative and evaluative than that fostered by the social sciences. To illustrate how social science thinking would approach the goal of achieving high energy performance in the commercial building sector, we focus on the U.S. Department of Energy's Roadmap for commercial buildings (DOE 2000) as a starting point. By "deconstructing" the four strategies provided by the Roadmap, we set the stage for proposing a closer partnership between advocates of technology-based and social science-based approaches. | |
| Report number: LBNL-45867 | Year: 2001 |
| Title: Fault Detection in HVAC Systems Using Model-Based Feedforward Control | Published in: Energy & Buildings, Volume 33, Pages 403-415. |
| Authors: Salsbury, T.I., Diamond, R.C. | Type: Journal Article |
| Report number: LBNL-47942 | Year: 2001 |
| Title: Demand-Responsive and Efficient Building Systems as a Resource for Electricity Reliability | Published in: |
| Authors: Piette, M.A., J.H. Eto, I.S. Walker, S. Selkowitz, C.P. Wray, B. Nordman, A. Meier, P. Haves, R. Diamond, J. Harris, M. Moezzi, C. Payne, J. Koomey | Type: Report |
| Report number: LBNL-45863 | Year: 2000 |
| Title: Implementation and testing of a fault detection software tool for improving control system performance in a large commercial building | Published in: Proceedings of the ACEEE 2000 Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Pacific Grove, CA, Volume 7, Pages 147-158. |
| Authors: Salsbury, T.I., Diamond, R.C. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Report number: LBNL-43640 | Year: 2000 |
| Title: An Overview of the U.S. Building Sector | Published in: Chapter 6 in Indoor Air Quality Handbook. |
| Authors: Diamond, R.C., Spengler, J.D., Samet, J.M., McCarthy, J.F. | Type: Book Section |
| Report number: LBNL-43256 | Year: 1999 |
| Title: Phillip Burton Federal Building: EMCS Retrofit Analysis | Published in: |
| Authors: Diamond, R.C., Salsbury, T., Bell, G., Huang, Y.J., Sezgen, O., Mazzuchi, R., Roberger, J. | Type: Report |
| Report number: LBNL-42556 | Year: 1998 |
| Title: Model Procurement Documents | Published in: |
| Authors: Matson, N.E., Sartor, D.A., Diamond, R.C. | Type: Report |
| Report number: PUB-798 | Year: 1997 |
| Title: Tenant Guidelines for Energy-Efficient Renovation of Buildings at the Presidio of San Francisco | Published in: |
| Authors: Warner, J., Sartor, D., Diamond, R. | Type: Report |
| Report number: | Year: 1997 |
| Title: Multifamily ventilation | Published in: Home Energy, Volume 14. |
| Authors: Diamond,R.C. | Type: Journal Article |
| Report number: | Year: 1996 |
| Title: Designing an Environmental Showcase: The San Francisco Presidio | Published in: Proceedings of the 1996 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Pacific Grove, CA, Volume 5, Pages 209-218. |
| Authors: Sartor, D. A., Diamond, R. C., Walker, A., Giller, M., Brown, K., Crawley, A. S. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Report number: LBL-31636 | Year: 1996 |
| Title: Improving the Energy Efficiency of Air Distribution Systems in New California Homes | Published in: Proceedings of the 1996 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Pacific Grove, CA, Volume 2, Pages 85-95. |
| Authors: Hammon, R.W., Modera M.P. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Report number: | Year: 1996 |
| Title: User Satisfaction with Innovative Cooling Retrofits in Sacramento Public Housing | Published in: Proceedings of the 1996 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Pacific Grove, CA, Volume 8, Pages 21. |
| Authors: Diamond, R.C., Remus, J., Vincent, B. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Report number: | Year: 1996 |
| Title: Improving Energy Efficiency in Apartment Buildings | Published in: |
| Authors: DeCicco, J., Diamond, R. C., Nolden, S., Wilson, T. | Type: Book Section |
| Report number: | Year: 1996 |
| Title: Does the Feebate Approach to A/E Compensation Lead to and Energy-Efficient Building? | Published in: Proceedings of the 4th National Energy-Efficient New Construction Conference, Vancouver, BC. |
| Authors: Busch, J., Diamond, R. C. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Report number: | Year: 1995 |
| Title: Architecture in North America since 1960 | Published in: |
| Authors: Tzonis, A., Lefaivre, L., Diamond, R. | Type: Book Section |
| Report number: LBL-36506 | Year: 1995 |
| Title: Findings from a Low-Energy, New Commercial-Buildings Research and Demonstration Project | Published in: Energy, Volume 20, Pages 471-482. |
| Authors: Piette, M. A., Nordman, B., Buen, O. D., Diamond, R. C. | Type: Journal Article |
| Report number: | Year: 1995 |
| Title: Energy and Ventilation Research in Highrise Apartments: The Chelsea Public Housing Study | Published in: Proceedings of the 15th AIVC Annual Conference, Palm Springs, CA. |
| Authors: Diamond, R.C., Feustel, H.E., Dickerhoff, D.J. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Report number: | Year: 1995 |
| Title: An Overview of the Multifamily Sector | Published in: Home Energy, Volume 12, Pages 22-25. |
| Authors: Diamond, R.C. | Type: Journal Article |
| Report number: LBNL-61870 | Year: 2008 |
| Title: Risk factors in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems for occupant symptoms in U.S. office buildings: the U.S. EPA BASE study | Published in: Indoor Air (In Press). |
| Authors: Mendell, M.J., Lei-Gomez, Q., Mirrer, A., Seppanen, O., Brunner, G. | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: Background: Nonspecific building-related symptoms among occupants of modern office buildings worldwide are common and may be associated with important reductions in work performance, but their etiology remains uncertain. Characteristics of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems in office buildings that increase risk of indoor contaminants or reduce effectiveness of ventilation may cause adverse exposures and subsequent increase in these symptoms among occupants. Methods: We analyzed data collected by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) from a representative sample of 100 large U.S. office buildings – the Building Assessment and Survey Evaluation (BASE) study – using multivariate-adjusted logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between seven building-related symptom outcomes and selected HVAC system characteristics (excluding ventilation rate, analyzed elsewhere) in the 97 airconditioned study buildings. Results: Among factors of HVAC design or configuration: Outdoor air intakes less than 60 m above the ground were associated with substantially increased odds of most symptoms assessed (ORs up to 2.7). Among factors of HVAC condition, maintenance, or operation: the presence of humidification systems in good condition was associated with reduction in skin symptoms (OR=0.5), whereas the presence of humidification systems in poor condition was associated with increases in upper respiratory symptoms, eye symptoms, fatigue/difficulty concentrating, and skin symptoms (ORs=1.5 to 1.7). Lack of regularly scheduled inspections for HVAC components was associated with increased eye and upper respiratory symptoms (ORs=2.2, 1.6). Less frequent cleaning of cooling coils or condensate drain pans was associated with increased headache and eye symptoms (ORs=1.5, 1.5). Ventilation for 10-12 hours per day (relative to more) was associated with a general slight increase in symptoms, especially fatigue/difficulty concentrating (OR=1.3). Several specific associations opposite of predicted were found, such as with cleanliness of air handler components and operational condition of air handling components. Discussion: Most of the many potential risk factors assessed here had not been investigated previously, and associations found with single symptom groups may have been by chance, including some that were the reverse of expected. Risk factors newly identified in these analyses that deserve attention include outdoor air intakes less than 60 m above the ground (which were correlated with higher levels of some outdoor vehicle-emitted pollutants), poorly maintained humidification systems, and lack of scheduled inspection for HVAC systems. Infrequent cleaning of cooling coils and drain pans were associated with increases in several symptoms in these as well as prior analyses of BASE data. Replication of these findings is needed, using more objective measurements of both exposure and health response. Confirmation of the specific HVAC factors responsible for increased symptoms in buildings, and development of prevention strategies could have major public health and economic benefits worldwide. | |
| Report number: LBNL-62419 | Year: 2008 |
| Title: Outdoor Ozone and Building Related Symptoms in the BASE Study | Published in: Indoor Air, Volume 18, Pages 156-170. |
| Authors: Apte, M.G., Buchanan, I.S., Mendell, M. J. | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: Reactions between ozone and indoor contaminants can influence human health and indoor air quality. The U.S. EPA Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation (BASE) study data were analyzed for associations between outdoor ozone concentrations and building related symptom (BRS) prevalence. Multiple logistic regression (MLR) models, adjusted for personal, workplace and environmental variables, revealed positive relationships (p<0.05) between ozone concentrations and upper respiratory (UR), dry eyes, neurological and headache BRS (odds ratios ranged from 1.03-1.04 per 10 μg m 3 increase in outdoor ozone concentrations). Other BRS had marginally significant relationships with ozone (p<0.10). A linear dose-response in UR symptoms was observed with increasing outdoor ozone (p=0.03); most other symptoms showed similar but not statistically significant trends. Outdoor ozone correlated with indoor concentrations of several aldehydes, a pattern suggesting that indoor ozone chemistry was occurring. Coupled with the MLR ozone-BRS analysis, this correlation supports the hypothesis that ozone-initiated indoor reactions play an important role in the indoor air quality and building occupant health. Replication with increased statistical power and with longitudinal data is needed. If the observed associations are confirmed as causal, ventilation system ozone removal technologies could improve building occupant health when higher ambient ozone levels are present. | |
| Report number: LBNL-63005 | Year: 2007 |
| Title: Indoor Environment, Productivity in Offices | Published in: ASHRAE IAQ Applications, Volume 8, Pages 1-15. |
| Authors: Seppanen, O., Fisk, W.J., Wargocki, P. | Type: Journal Article |
| Report number: LBNL-63007 | Year: 2007 |
| Title: Public health and economic impact of dampness and mold | Published in: Indoor Air, Volume 17, Pages 226-235. |
| Authors: Mudarri, D., Fisk, W.J. | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: The public health risk and economic impact of dampness and mold exposures was assessed using current asthma as a health endpoint. Individual risk of current asthma from exposure to dampness and mold in homes from Fisk et al. (2007), and asthma risks calculated from additional studies that reported the prevalence of dampness and mold in homes were used to estimate the proportion of U.S. current asthma cases that are attributable to dampness and mold exposure at 21% (95% confidence internal 12-29%). An examination of the literature covering dampness and mold in schools, offices, and institutional buildings, which is summarized in the appendix, suggests that risks from exposure in these buildings are similar to risks from exposures in homes. Of the 21.8 million people reported to have asthma in the U.S., approximately 4.6 (2.7-6.3) million cases are estimated to be attributable to dampness and mold exposure in the home. Estimates of the national cost of asthma from two prior studies were updated to 2004 and used to estimate the economic impact of dampness and mold exposures. By applying the attributable fraction to the updated national annual cost of asthma, the national annual cost of asthma that is attributable to dampness and mold exposure in the home is estimated to be $3.5 billion ($2.1 - 4.8 billion). Analysis indicates that exposure to dampness and mold in buildings poses significant public health and economic risks in the U.S. These findings are compatible with public policies and programs that help control moisture and mold in buildings. | |
| Report number: LBNL-63370 | Year: 2007 |
| Title: Contaminants in Buildings and Occupied Spaces as Risk Factors for Occupant Symptoms in U.S. Office Buildings: Findings from the U.S. EPA BASE Study | Published in: |
| Authors: Mendell, M. J., Mirer, A., Lei-Gomez, Q. | Type: Report |
| Abstract: Background: Nonspecific building-related symptoms among occupants of modern office buildings worldwide are common and may be associated with important reductions in work performance, but their etiology remains uncertain. Most reported research into environmental risk factors for these symptoms has focused on ventilation system-related factors, dampness, and particle removal through filtration and cleaning, with relatively few studies of other potential sources of indoor contaminants. Methods: We analyzed data collected by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) from a representative sample of 100 large U.S. office buildings – the Building Assessment and Survey Evaluation (BASE) study – using multivariate-adjusted logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between seven building-related symptom outcomes and a diverse set of potential indoor and outdoor sources for indoor pollutants. Results: Although most of the investigated risk factors showed no apparent association with building-related symptoms, some interesting associations resulted. Increased prevalence of symptoms was associated with carpets older than one year (lower respiratory symptoms), non-carpeted floors (upper and lower respiratory symptoms), older furniture (eye and skin symptoms), infrequent vacuuming (upper respiratory, eye, and skin symptoms and headache), and masonry exterior walls (cough, eye symptoms, and fatigue/concentration difficulty). Discussion: For the many potential risk factors assessed, almost none had been investigated previously, and many associations found here may have been by chance. Additional confirmatory research focused on risk factors initially identified here is needed, using more objective measures of health outcomes and risk factors or exposures | |
| Report number: LBNL-61280 | Year: 2007 |
| Title: Indoor residential chemical emissions as risk factors for respiratory and allergic effects in children: A Review | Published in: Indoor Air, Volume 17, Pages 259-277. |
| Authors: Mendell, M. | Type: Journal Article |
| Report number: LBNL-58516 | Year: 2006 |
| Title: Ventilation and Work Performance in office work | Published in: Indoor Air, Volume 16, Pages 28-36. |
| Authors: Seppanen, O., Fisk, W.J., Lei-Gomez, Q. | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: Outdoor air ventilation rates vary considerably between and within buildings, and may be too low in some spaces. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential work performance benefits of increased ventilation. We analysed the literature relating work performance with ventilation rate and employed statistical analyses with weighting factors to combine the results of different studies. The studies included in the review assessed performance of various tasks in laboratory experiments and measured performance at work in real buildings. Almost all studies found increases in performance with higher ventilation rates. The studies indicated typically a 1-3 % improvement in average performance per 10 L/s-person increase in outdoor air ventilation rate. The performance increase per unit increase in ventilation was bigger with ventilation rates below 20 L/s-person and almost negligible with ventilation rates over 45 L/s-person. The performance increase was statistically significant with increased ventilation rates up to 15 L/s-person with 95% CI and up to 17 L/s-person with 90% CI. | |
| Report number: LBNL-60946 | Year: 2006 |
| Title: Effect of temperature on task performance in office environment | Published in: 5th International Conference on Cold Climate Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning, Pages 53-16. |
| Authors: Seppanen, O., Fisk, W. J., Lei, Q. H. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: Indoor temperature is one of the fundamental characteristics of the indoor environment. It can be controlled with a degree of accuracy dependent on the building and its HVAC system. The indoor temperature affects several human responses, including thermal comfort, perceived air quality, sick building syndrome symptoms and performance at work. In this study, we focused on the effects of temperature on performance at office work. . We included those studies that had used objective indicators of performance that are likely to be relevant in office type work, such as text processing, simple calculations (addition, multiplication), length of telephone customer service time, and total handling time per customer for call-center workers. We excluded data from studies of industrial work performance. We calculated from all studies the percentage of performance change per degree increase in temperature, and statistically analyzed measured work performance with temperature. The results show that performance increases with temperature up to 21-22 oC, and decreases with temperature above 23-24 oC. The highest productivity is at temperature of around 22 oC. For example, at the temperature of 30 oC the performance is only 91.1% of the maximum i.e. the reduction in performance is 8.9% | |
| Report number: LBNL-60952 | Year: 2006 |
| Title: Room temperature and productivity in office work | Published in: Healthy Buildings 2006 Conference, Volume 1, Pages 243-247. |
| Authors: Seppanen, O., Fisk, W.J., Lei, Q. H. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: Indoor temperature is one of the fundamental characteristics of the indoor environment. It can be controlled with a degree of accuracy dependent on the building and its HVAC system. The indoor temperature affects several human responses, including thermal comfort, perceived air quality, sick building syndrome symptoms and performance at work. In this study, we focused on the effects of temperature on performance at office work. . We included those studies that had used objective indicators of performance that are likely to be relevant in office type work, such as text processing, simple calculations (addition, multiplication), length of telephone customer service time, and total handling time per customer for call-center workers. We excluded data from studies of industrial work performance. We calculated from all studies the percentage of performance change per degree increase in temperature, and statistically analyzed measured work performance with temperature. The results show that performance increases with temperature up to 21-22 °C, and decreases with temperature above 23-24 °C. The highest productivity is at temperature of around 22 °C. For example, at the temperature of 30 °C the performance is only 91.1% of the maximum i.e. the reduction in performance is 8.9% | |
| Report number: LBNL-60951 | Year: 2006 |
| Title: A procedure to estimate the cost-effectiveness of the indoor environment improvements in office work | Published in: Creating the Productive Workplace, Pages 407-433. |
| Authors: Seppanen, O., Fisk, W.J., Derek Clements Croome | Type: Book Section |
| Report number: LBNL-59876 | Year: 2006 |
| Title: Some quantitative relations between Indoor environmental quality and work performance or health | Published in: International Journal of HVAC&R Research, Volume 12, Pages 957-973. |
| Authors: Seppanen, O., Fisk, W.J. | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: Poor indoor environmental quality (IEQ) has been related to increases in sick building syndrome symptoms, respiratory illnesses, sick leave, and losses in productivity. Calculations indicate that the cost of poor IEQ can be higher than energy costs space conditioning and ventilation, and that many measures taken to improve indoor IEQ will be highly cost-effective when accounting for the monetary savings resulting from an improved health or productivity. To enable building professionals to make selections of building designs and operating practices that account for effects on health and productivity, we need models for quantifying the health and productivity benefits of better indoor environments. Therefore, we have reviewed the literature on the effects of indoor environment on health and performance and used existing data, when possible, to develop some initial models. Based on the best-available evidence we present quantitative relationships between ventilation rate and short term sick leave, ventilation rate and work performance, perceived air quality and performance, temperature and performance, and temperature and sick building syndrome symptoms. We show also that a relationship exists between SBS symptoms (sick building syndrome symptoms) and work performance. | |
| Report number: LBNL-59659 | Year: 2006 |
| Title: Indoor Environmental Risk Factors for Occupant Symptoms in 100 U.S. Office Buildings: Summary of Three Analyses from the EPA BASE Study | Published in: Healthy Buildings 2006 Conference, Volume 111, Pages 371-376. |
| Authors: Mendell, M., Lei-Gomez, Q., Cozen, M., Brightman, H.S., Apte, M G., Erdmann, C.A., Brunner, G., Girman, J.R. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: This paper summarizes three analyses of data on building-related environmental factors and occupant symptoms collected from 100 representative large U.S. office buildings. Using multivariate logistic regression models, we found increased occupant symptoms associated with a number of building-related factors, including lower ventilation rates even at the current guideline levels, lack of scheduled cleaning for air-conditioning drain pans and cooling coils, poor condition of cooling coils, poorly maintained humidification systems, and lower outdoor air intake height. Some expected relationships were not found, and several findings were opposite of expected. Although requiring replication, these findings suggest preventive actions to reduce occupant symptoms in office buildings. | |
| Report number: LBNL-59329 | Year: 2006 |
| Title: Causes and prevention of symptom complaints in office buildings: Distilling the experience of indoor environmental quality investigators | Published in: Facilities 2006, Volume 24, Pages 436-444. |
| Authors: Mendell, M., Brennan, T, Hathon, L., Odom, J.D., Offerman, F.J., Turk, B.H., Wallingford, K.M., Diamond, R., Fisk, B. | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: ABSTRACT Purpose The goal of this project was to develop, based on the experience of those who investigate health complaints in buildings, practical strategies for preventing building-related symptoms in office buildings, suitable for use by those who own, lease, or manage office space. Methodology/approach Ideas from six experienced building investigators on primary causes and key prevention strategies were gathered and prioritized through consensus and voting in a structured, multi-day workshop. Findings The top ranked problems identified were, in priority order: excessive building moisture, inadequate outdoor air, dust on indoor surfaces, indoor gases and odors, inadequate thermal control, and inadequate attention by management to indoor environments. The highest priority strategies recommended for preventing building-related symptoms were: managing moisture at building exteriors, operating ventilation systems per design intent, providing at least minimum ventilation rates, and maintaining indoor temperatures at 72°F ±2°. Findings in the scientific literature were generally consistent with these recommendations. Research limitations/implications Findings reported here result from a subjective synthesis of empirical knowledge, not from scientific research, and have not yet been scientifically confirmed. Still, IEQ investigators showed considerable agreement on the most important causes of symptom complaints in office buildings and the key methods for preventing these problems. Practical implications These recommendations, generally consistent with available research findings, provide useful practical guidelines for those who own, manage or maintain office buildings. Originality/value The empirical knowledge of practitioners, concentrated and synthesized here, offers more guidance for choosing health-protective strategies in office buildings than current science. | |
| Report number: LBNL-59663 | Year: 2006 |
| Title: Air Filter Materials and Building Related Symptoms in the BASE Study | Published in: Healthy Buildings Conference 2006, Volume 4, Pages 455-460. |
| Authors: Buchanan, I.S., Apte, M.G. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: Mechanical ventilation of buildings is a risk factor for building related symptoms (BRS). This analysis examines air filters within mechanical ventilation systems to determine their effect on BRS. We hypothesize that certain ventilation filter materials will contribute more than others to the burden of building related headaches, mucous membrane (MM) and lower respiratory (LR) BRS within a building. This hypothesis was tested using the USEPA Building Assessment, Survey and Evaluation (BASE) study. Logistic regression models constructed to control for personal, workplace, and environmental factors reveled statistically significant (p<0.05) associations between the increased prevalence of building related headaches, certain MM and LR BRS and polyester or synthetic containing air filters in a ventilation system, relative to fiberglass or cotton air filters. | |
| Report number: LBNL-55447 | Year: 2005 |
| Title: A model to estimate the cost effectiveness of indoor environment improvements in office work | Published in: ASHRAE Transactions, Volume 111, Pages 663-679. |
| Authors: Seppanen, O., Fisk, W.J. | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: Deteriorated indoor climate is commonly related to increases in sick building syndrome symptoms, respiratory illnesses, sick leave, reduced comfort and losses in productivity. The cost of deteriorated indoor climate for the society is high. Some calculations show that the cost is higher than the heating energy costs of the same buildings. Also building-level calculations have shown that many measures taken to improve indoor air quality and climate are cost-effective when the potential monetary savings resulting from an improved indoor climate are included as benefits gained. As an initial step towards systemizing these building level calculations we have developed a conceptual model to estimate the cost-effectiveness of various measures. The model shows the links between the improvements in the indoor environment and the following potential financial benefits: reduced medical care cost, reduced sick leave, better performance of work, lower turn over of employees, and lower cost of building maintenance due to fewer complaints about indoor air quality and climate. The pathways to these potential benefits from changes in building technology and practices go via several human responses to the indoor environment such as infectious diseases, allergies and asthma, sick building syndrome symptoms, perceived air quality, and thermal environment. The model also includes the annual cost of investments, operation costs, and cost savings of improved indoor climate. The conceptual model illustrates how various factors are linked to each other. SBS symptoms are probably the most commonly assessed health responses in IEQ studies and have been linked to several characteristics of buildings and IEQ. While the available evidence indicates that SBS symptoms can affect these outcomes and sugpects that such a linkage exists, at present we can not quantify the relationships sufficiently for cost-benefit modeling. New research and analyses of existing data to quantify the financial importance of SBS symptoms would enable more widespread consideration of the effects of IEQ in cost benefit calculations. | |
| Report number: LBNL-55448 | Year: 2005 |
| Title: Control of temperature for health and productivity in offices | Published in: ASHRAE Transactions, Volume 111, Pages 680-686. |
| Authors: Seppanen, O., Fisk, W.J. | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: Indoor temperature is one of the fundamental characteristics of the indoor environment. It can be controlled with different accuracy depending on the building and its HVAC system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential benefits of improved temperature control, and apply the information for a cost-benefit analyses. The indoor temperature affects several human responses, including thermal comfort, perceived air quality, sick building syndrome symptoms and performance in work. In this study we focused on the effects of temperature on performance in work. We collected and analyzed the literature relating the performance in work and temperature. The results of multiple studies are relatively consistent and show an average relationship of 2% decrement in work performance per degree oC when the temperature is above 25oC. Less data were available on the performance in low temperatures. However, studies show a strong effect on manual tasks with temperatures below thermal neutrality as soon as the temperature of hands decreased due to control of blood flow. When the estimated productivity decrement from elevated temperetures was applied to data from a study of night-time ventilative cooling, the estimated value of productivty improvements were 32 to 120 times greater than the cost of energy to run fans during the night. | |
| Report number: No LBNL number | Year: 2005 |
| Title: Some quantitative relations between indoor environment, performance and health | Published in: Proceedings of The 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate - Indoor Air 2005, Volume I(1), Pages 40-53. |
| Authors: Seppanen, O., Fisk, B. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Report number: LBNL-56381 | Year: 2005 |
| Title: Outdoor Air Ventilation and Work-Related Symptoms in U.S. Office Buildings - Results from the Base Study | Published in: |
| Authors: Mendell, M.J. , Lei, Q., Apte, M.G. , Fisk, W.J. | Type: Report |
| Abstract: Insufficient information has been available on measured ventilation rates and symptoms in office workers. Using U.S. EPA data from 100 large U.S. office buildings, we assessed relationships in multivariate models between ventilation/person and lower respiratory and mucous membrane symptoms. Three preliminary ventilation estimates were used, based on CO2 ratio in airstreams, peak indoor CO2 concentrations, and volumetric estimates of flow rates. Ventilation rates (VRs) from 6-17 cfm/person above the current 20 cfm/person guideline for offices were associated generally with reduced symptom prevalence, but further benefits were not evident from higher VRs. For all ventilation estimates, higher occupant density was independently associated with more symptoms. Findings suggest that VRs somewhat above current guidelines would reduce symptoms in office workers, and that occupant density may play an unrecognized role in ventilation requirements. Different findings for the various ventilation estimates were surprising. Clarification of these relationships, and validation of VR measurement methods are necessary. | |
| Report number: LBNL-57102 | Year: 2005 |
| Title: Estimated Ventilation Rates and Work-Related Symptoms in U.S. Office Buildings - The Base Study | Published in: 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Volume 5(6), Pages 3758-3762. |
| Authors: Mendell, M.J., Lei, Q., Apte, M G., Fisk, W.J. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: Insufficient information has been available on measured ventilation rates and symptoms in office workers. Using U.S. EPA data from 100 large U.S. office buildings, we assessed relationships in multivariate models between ventilation/person and lower respiratory and mucous membrane symptoms. Three preliminary ventilation estimates were used, based on CO2 ratio in airstreams, peak indoor CO2 concentrations, and volumetric estimates of flow rates. Ventilation rates (VRs) from 6-17 cfm/person above the current 20 cfm/person guideline for offices were associated generally with reduced symptom prevalence, but further benefits were not evident from higher VRs. For all ventilation estimates, higher occupant density was independently associated with more symptoms. Findings suggest that VRs somewhat above current guidelines would reduce symptoms in office workers, and that occupant density may play an unrecognized role in ventilation requirements. Different findings for the various ventilation estimates were surprising. Clarification of these relationships, and validation of VR measurement methods are necessary. | |
| Report number: LBNL-51780 | Year: 2005 |
| Title: Do Indoor Pollutants and Thermal Conditions in Schools Influence Student Performance? A Critical Review of the Literature | Published in: Indoor Air 2005, Volume 15, Pages 27-52. |
| Authors: Mendell, M.J., Heath, G.A. | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: Limited research is available on potential adverse effects of school environments on academic performance, despite strong public concern. We examine the scientific evidence relevant to this relationship by reviewing available research relating schools and other indoor environments to human performance or attendance. As a primary focus, we critically review evidence for direct relationships between indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in buildings and performance or attendance. As a secondary focus, we summarize, without critique, evidence on potential connections indirectly linking IEQ to performance or attendance: relationships between IEQ and health, between health and performance or attendance, and between attendance and performance. The most persuasive direct evidence showed increases in indoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and outdoor concentrations of several specific pollutants to be related to reduced school attendance. The most persuasive indirect evidence showed indoor dampness and microbiologic pollutants to be related to asthma and respiratory infections, which have in turn been related to reduced performance and attendance. Furthermore, a substantial scientific literature links poor IEQ (e.g., low ventilation rate, excess moisture or formaldehyde) with respiratory and other health effects in children and adults. Overall, evidence suggests that poor IEQ in schools can influence the performance and attendance of students, primarily through health effects from indoor pollutants. Also, inadequate IEQ in schools seems sufficiently common to merit strong public concern. Evidence is available to justify (1) immediate actions to protect IEQ in schools and (2) focused research on exposures, prevention, and causation, to better guide policies and actions on IEQ in schools. | |
| Report number: LBNL-57101 | Year: 2005 |
| Title: Indicators Of Moisture And Ventilation System Contamination In U.S. Office Buildings as Risk Factors for Respiratory and Mucous Membrane Symptoms: Analyses of the EPA Base Data | Published in: 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Volume 5(6), Pages 3763-3767. |
| Authors: Mendell, M., Cozen, M., Lei, Q., Brightman, H.S., Edrmann, C.A., Girman, J.R., Womble, S.E. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Report number: LBNL-56382 | Year: 2005 |
| Title: Causes And Prevention Of Symptom Complaints In Office Buildings: Distilling The Experience Of Indoor Environmental Quality Investigators | Published in: Indoor Air 2005 Conference - The 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Volume 4(8), Pages 3500-3504. |
| Authors: Mendell, M., Brennan, T, Hathon, L., Odom, J.D., Offerman, F.J., Turk, B.H., Wallingford, K.M., Diamond, R.C., Fisk, W.J. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: The goal of this project was to recommend empirically based strategies to prevent building-related symptoms in office buildings, for owners and managers. Ideas from six experienced building investigators were gathered and prioritized in a multi-day workshop. The top ranked problems identified were, in priority order: excessive building moisture, inadequate outdoor air, excessive dust, pollutant gases and odors, inadequate thermal control, and inadequate attention by management to indoor environments. Available findings in the scientific literature were generally consistent with these recommendations. The highest priority strategies recommended for preventing building-related symptoms were: managing water at building exteriors, operating ventilation systems per design intent, providing at least minimum ventilation rates, and maintaining indoor temperatures at 22°C ±1° (72°F ±2°). Despite the range of climates in which they worked, IEQ investigators showed considerable agreement, including top-ranking managing of water at building exteriors as a prevention strategy. Efficacy of these empirically based strategies generally has not been confirmed. | |
| Report number: LBNL-54475 | Year: 2005 |
| Title: Economic benefits of an economizer system: energy savings and reduced sick leave | Published in: ASHRAE Transactions, Volume 111, Pages 673-679. |
| Authors: Fisk, W.J., Seppanen, O., Faulkner, D., Huang, J. | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: Abstract: This study estimated the health, energy, and economic benefits of an economizer ventilation control system that increases outside air supply during mild weather to save energy. A model of the influence of ventilation rate on airborne transmission of respiratory illnesses was used to extend the limited data relating ventilation rate with illness and sick leave. An energy simulation model calculated ventilation rates and energy use versus time for an office building in Washington, D.C. with fixed minimum outdoor air supply rates, with and without an economiser. Sick leave rates were estimated with the disease transmission model. In the modelled 72-person office building, our analyses indicate that the economizer reduces energy costs by approximately $2000 and, in addition, reduces sick leave. The annual financial benefit of the decrease in sick leave is estimated to be between $6,000 and $16,000. This modelling suggests that economizers are much more cost effective than currently recognized. | |
| Report number: | Year: 2005 |
| Title: Health-related costs of indoor ETS, dampness and mold in the United States and in California | Published in: 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate - Indoor Air 2005, Volume I(3), Pages 308-313. |
| Authors: Fisk, W.J. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Report number: LBNL-54413 | Year: 2004 |
| Title: Associations between classroom CO2 concentrations and student attendance in Washington and Idaho | Published in: Indoor Air 2004, Volume 14, Pages 333-341. |
| Authors: Shendell, D.G, Prill,R., Fisk, W.J., Apte, M.G., Blake, D., Faulkner, D | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: Student attendance in American public schools is a critical factor in securing limited operational funding. Student and teacher attendance influence academic performance. Limited data exist on indoor air and environmental quality (IEQ) in schools, and how IEQ affects attendance, health, or performance. This study explored the association of student absence with measures of indoor minus outdoor carbon dioxide concentration (dCO2). Absence and dCO2 data were collected from 409 traditional and 25 portable classrooms from 22 schools located in six school districts in the states of Washington and Idaho. Study classrooms had individual heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, except two classrooms without mechanical ventilation. Classroom attributes, student attendance and school-level ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES) were included in multivariate modeling. Forty-five percent of classrooms studied had short-term indoor CO2 concentrations above 1000 parts-per-million (ppm). A 1000 ppm increase in dCO2 was associated (p < 0.05) with a 0.5% to 0.9% decrease in annual average daily attendance (ADA), corresponding to a relative 10% to 20% increase in student absence. Annual ADA was 2% higher (p < 0.0001) in traditional than in portable classrooms. | |
| Report number: LBNL-55748 | Year: 2004 |
| Title: Summary of human responses to ventilation | Published in: Indoor Air (Supplement 7), Volume 14, Pages 102-118. |
| Authors: Seppanen, O., Fisk, W.J. | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: The effects of ventilation on indoor air quality and health is a complex issue. It is known that ventilation is necessary to remove indoor generated pollutants from indoor air or dilute their concentration to acceptable levels. But, as the limit values of all pollutants are not known, the exact determination of required ventilation rates based on pollutant concentrations and associated risks is seldom possible. The selection of ventilation rates has to be based also on epidemiological research (e.g. Seppänen et al., 1999), laboratory and field experiments (e.g. CEN 1996, Wargocki et al., 2002a) and experience (e.g. ECA 2003). Ventilation may also have harmful effects on indoor air quality and climate if not properly designed, installed, maintained and operated as summarised by Seppänen (2003). Ventilation may bring indoors harmful substances that deteriorate the indoor environment. Ventilation also affects air and moisture flow through the the building envelope and may lead to moisture problems that deteriorate the structures of the building. Ventilation changes the pressure differences over the structures of building and may cause or prevent the infiltration of pollutants from structures or adjacent spaces. Ventilation is also in many cases used to control the thermal environment or humidity in buildings. Ventilation can be implemented with various methods which may also affect health (e.g. Seppänen and Fisk, 2002, Wargocki et al., 2002a). In non residential buildings and hot climates, ventilation is often integrated with air-conditioning which makes the operation of ventilation system more complex. As ventilation is used for many purposes its health effects are also various and complex. This paper summarises the current knowledge on positive and negative effects of ventilation on health and other human responses. The focus of the paper is on office-type working environment and residential buildings. In the industrial premises the problems of air quality are usually more complex and case specific. They are subject to occupational safety legislation and not discussed here. | |
| Report number: LBNL-55476 | Year: 2004 |
| Title: Commentary: Air-conditioning as a risk for increased use of health services | Published in: International Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 33, Pages 1123-1126. |
| Authors: Mendell, M. | Type: Journal Article |
| Report number: LBNL-55032 | Year: 2004 |
| Title: Worker Performance and Ventilation in a Call Center: Analyses of Work Performance Data for Registered Nurses | Published in: Indoor Air (Supplement 8), Volume 14, Pages 41-50. |
| Authors: Federspiel, C.C., Fisk, W.J., Price, P. N., Liu, G., Faulkner, D, DiBartolomeo, D.L., Sullivan, D.P., Lahiff, M. | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: We investigated the relationship between ventilation rates and individual work performance in a call center, and controlled for other factors of the indoor environment. We randomized the position of the outdoor air control dampers, and measured ventilation rate, differential (indoor minus outdoor) carbon dioxide (DCO2) concentration, supply air velocity, temperature, humidity, occupant density, degree of under-staffing, shift length, time of day, and time required to complete two different work performance tasks (talking with clients and post-talk wrap-up to process information). DCO2 concentrations ranged from 13 to 611 ppm. We used multi-variable regression to model the association between the predictors and the responses. We found that agents performed talk tasks fastest when the ventilation rate was highest, but that the relationship between talk performance and ventilation was not strong or monotonic. We did not find a statistically significant association between wrap-up performance and ventilation rate. Agents were slower at the wrap-up task when the temperature was high (>25.4 °C). Agents were slower at wrap-up during long shifts and when the call center was under-staffed. | |
| Report number: LBNL-53842 | Year: 2004 |
| Title: Associations of Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concentrations and Environmental Susceptibilities with Mucous Membrane and Lower Respiratory Building Related Symptoms in the BASE Study: Analyses of the 100 Building Dataset | Published in: Indoor Air (Suppl 8), Volume 14, Pages 127-34. |
| Authors: Erdmann, C.A., Apte, M.G. | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: Using the U.S. EPA 100 office-building BASE Study dataset, we conducted multivariate logistic regression analyses to quantify the relationship between indoor CO2 concentrations (dCO2) and mucous membrane (MM) and lower respiratory system (LResp) building related symptoms, adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, presence of carpet in workspace, thermal exposure, relative humidity, and a marker for entrained automobile exhaust. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that certain environmentally-mediated health conditions (e.g., allergies and asthma) confer increased susceptibility to building related symptoms within office buildings. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for statistically significant, dose-dependant associations (p < 0.05) for dry eyes, sore throat, nose/sinus congestion, and wheeze symptoms with 100 ppm increases in dCO2 ranged from 1.1 to 1.2. These results suggest that increases in the ventilation rates per person among typical office buildings will, on average, reduce the prevalence of several building related symptoms by up to 70%, even when these buildings meet the existing ASHRAE ventilation standards for office buildings. Building occupants with certain environmentally-mediated health conditions are more likely to experience building related symptoms than those without these conditions (statistically significant ORs ranged from 2 to 11). | |
| Report number: LBNL-53586 | Year: 2003 |
| Title: Associations between classroom CO2 concentrations and student attendance | Published in: |
| Authors: Shendell, D.G., Prill, R., Fisk, W.J., Apte, M.G., Blake, D., Faulkner, D. | Type: Report |
| Abstract: Student attendance in American public schools is a critical factor in securing limited operational funding. Student and teacher attendance influence academic performance. Limited data exist on indoor air and environmental quality (IEQ) in schools, and how IEQ affects attendance, health, or performance. This study explored the association of student absence with measures of indoor minus outdoor carbon dioxide concentration (dCO2). Absence and dCO2 data were collected from 409 traditional and 25 portable classrooms from 14 schools located in six school districts in the states of Washington and Idaho. Study classrooms had individual heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, except two classrooms without mechanical ventilation. Classroom attributes, student attendance and school-level ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES) were included in multivariate modeling. Forty-five percent of classrooms studied had short-term indoor CO2 concentrations above 1000 parts-per-million (ppm). A 1000 ppm increase in dCO2 was associated (p< 0.05) with a 0.5% to 0.9% decrease in annual average daily attendance (ADA), corresponding to a relative 10% to 20% increase in student absence. Outside air (ventilation) rates estimated from dCO2 and other collected data were not associated with absence. Annual ADA was 2% higher (p < 0.0001) in traditional than in portable classrooms. | |
| Report number: LBNL-53191 | Year: 2003 |
| Title: Cost benefit analysis of the night-time ventilative cooling in office building | Published in: Proceedings of the Healthy Buildings 2003 Conference, Singapore, Volume 3, Pages 394-399. |
| Authors: Seppänen, O., Fisk, W.J., Faulkner, D. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: The indoor temperature can be controlled with different levels of accuracy depending on the building and its HVAC system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential productivity benefits of improved temperature control, and to apply the information for a cost-benefit analyses of night-time ventilative cooling, which is a very energy efficient method of reducing indoor daytime temperatures. We analyzed the literature relating work performance with temperature, and found a general decrement in work performance when temperatures exceeded those associated with thermal neutrality. These studies included physiological modelling, performance of various tasks in laboratory experiments and measured productivity at work in real buildings. The studies indicate an average 2% decrement in work performance per degree oC temperature rise, when the temperature is above 25 oC. When we use this relationship to evaluate night- time ventilative cooling, the resulting benefit to cost ratio varies from 32 to 120. | |
| Report number: LBNL-53193 | Year: 2003 |
| Title: A conceptual model to estimate cost effectiveness of the indoor environment improvements | Published in: Proceedings of the Healthy Buildings 2003 Conference, Singapore, Volume 3, Pages 368-374. |
| Authors: Seppänen, O., Fisk, W.J. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: Macroeconomic analyses indicate a high cost to society of a deteriorated indoor climate. The few example calculations performed to date indicate that measures taken to improve IEQ are highly cost-effective when health and productivity benefits are considered. We believe that cost-benefit analyses of building designs and operations should routinely incorporate health and productivity impacts. As an initial step, we developed a conceptual model that shows the links between improvements in IEQ and the financial gains from reductions in medical care and sick leave, improved work performance, lower employee turn over, and reduced maintenance due to fewer complaints. | |
| Report number: LBNL-51761 | Year: 2003 |
| Title: Environmental Risk Factors and Work-Related Lower Respiratory Symptoms in 80 Office Buildings: An Exploratory Analysis of NIOSH Data | Published in: American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Volume 43, Pages 630-641. |
| Authors: Mendell, MJ, Naco, GN., Wilcox, TG., Sieber, WK. | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: Background: We evaluated relationships between lower respiratory symptoms and risk factors for microbiological contamination in office buildings. Methods: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health collected data from 80 office buildings during standardized indoor environmental health hazard evaluations. Present analyses included lower respiratory symptom-based outcome definitions and risk factors for potential microbiologic contamination. Multivariate logistic regression models for selected outcomes identified key risk factors. Results: Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for "at least three of four work-related lower respiratory symptoms" were, for debris in ventilation air intake, 2.0 (1.0- 3.9), and for poor drainage in air-conditioning drip pans, 2.6 (1.3-5.2). Adjusted associations with risk factors were consistently stronger for outcomes requiring both multiple symptoms and improvement away from work, and somewhat stronger among diagnosed asthmatics. Conclusions: Moisture and debris in ventilation systems, possibly by supporting microbiologic growth, may increase adverse respiratory effects, particularly among asthmatics. Data from more representative buildings are needed to confirm these findings. | |
| Report number: LBNL-53908 | Year: 2003 |
| Title: Association of Airborne Moisture-Indicating Microorganisms with Building-Related Symptoms and Water Damage in 100 U.S. Office Buildings: Analyses of the U.S. EPA BASE Data | Published in: |
| Authors: Mendell, M., lei, Q., Cozen, M., Shendel, D.G. | Type: Report |
| Abstract: Metrics of culturable airborne microorganisms for either total organisms or suspected harmful subgroups have generally not been associated with symptoms among building occupants. However, the visible presence of moisture damage or mold in residences and other buildings has consistently been associated with respiratory symptoms and other health effects. This relationship is presumably caused by adverse but uncharacterized exposures to moisture-related microbiological growth. In order to assess this hypothesis, we studied relationships in U.S. office buildings between the prevalence of respiratory and irritant symptoms, the concentrations of airborne microorganisms that require moist surfaces on which to grow, and the presence of visible water damage. | |
| Report number: LBNL-53964 | Year: 2003 |
| Title: Indices for IEQ and building-related symptoms | Published in: Indoor Air, Volume 13, Pages 364-368. |
| Authors: Mendell, M. | Type: Journal Article |
| Report number: LBNL-53192 | Year: 2003 |
| Title: Economizer system cost effectiveness: Accounting for the influence of ventilation rate on sick leave | Published in: Proceedings of the Healthy Buildings 2003 Conference, Singapore, Volume 3, Pages 361-367. |
| Authors: Fisk,W.J, Seppänen, O., Faulkner, D., Huang, J. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: This study estimated the health, energy, and economic benefits of an economizer ventilation control system that increases outside air supply during mild weather to save energy. A model of the influence of ventilation rate on airborne transmission of respiratory illnesses was used to extend the limited data relating ventilation rate with illness and sick leave. An energy simulation model calculated ventilation rates and energy use versus time for an office building in Washington, D.C. with fixed minimum outdoor air supply rates, with and without an economiser. Sick leave rates were estimated with the disease transmission model. In the modelled 72-person office building, our analyses indicate that the economizer reduces energy costs by approximately $2000 and, in addition, reduces sick leave. The financial benefit of the decrease in sick leave is estimated to be between $6,000 and $16,000. This modelling suggests that economizers are much more cost effective than currently recognized. | |
| Report number: LBNL-50046 | Year: 2002 |
| Title: Relationship of SBS-symptoms and ventilation system type in office buildings | Published in: Proceedings of the Indoor Air 2002 Conference, Monterey, CA, Volume 3, Pages 437-442. |
| Authors: Seppänen, O., Fisk, W.J. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: This paper provides a summary of current knowledge about the associations of ventilation system types in office buildings with sick building syndrome symptoms. Most studies completed to date indicate that relative to natural ventilation, air conditioning, with or without humidification, was consistently associated with a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of one or more SBS symptoms, by approximately 30% to 200%. In two of three analyses from a single study (assessments), symptom prevalences were also significantly higher in air-conditioned buildings than in buildings with simple mechanical ventilation and no humidification. The available data also suggest, with less consistency, an increase in risk of symptoms with simple mechanical ventilation relative to natural ventilation. The statistically significant associations of mechanical ventilation and air conditioning with SBS symptoms are much more frequent than expected from chance and also not likely to be a consequence of confounding by several potential personal, job, or building-related confounders. Multiple deficiencies in HVAC system design, construction, operation, or maintenance, including some of which cause pollutant emissions from HVAC systems, may contribute to the increases in symptom prevalences but other possible reasons remain unclear. | |
| Report number: LBNL-49566 | Year: 2002 |
| Title: Building-related risk factors and work-related lower respiratory symptoms in 80 office building | Published in: Proceedings of the Indoor Air 2002 Conference, Monterey, CA, Volume 1, Pages 103-108. |
| Authors: Mendell, M.J., Naco, G.M. , Wilcox, T.G. , Sieber, W.K. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: We assessed building-related risk factors for lower respiratory symptoms in office workers. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in 1993 collected data during indoor environmental health investigations of workplaces. We used multivariate logistic regression analyses to assess relationships between lower respiratory symptoms in office workers and risk factors plausibly related to microbiologic contamination. Among 2,435 occupants in 80 office buildings, frequent, work-related multiple lower respiratory symptoms were strongly associated, in multivariate models, with two risk factors for microbiologic contamination: poor pan drainage under cooling coils and debris in outside air intake. Associations tended to be stronger among those with a history of physician-diagnosed asthma. These findings suggest that adverse lower respiratory health effects from indoor work environments, although unusual, may occur in relation to poorly designed or maintained ventilation systems, particularly among previously diagnosed asthmatics. These findings require confirmation in more representative buildings. | |
| Report number: LBNL-48217 | Year: 2002 |
| Title: Indoor Particles and Symptoms Among Office Workers: Results from a Double-Blind Cross-Over Study | Published in: Epidemiology, Volume 13, Pages 296-304. |
| Authors: Mendell, M.J., Fisk, W.J., Petersen, M.R., Hines, C.J., Dong, M., Faulkner, D., Deddens, J.A., Ruder, A.M., Sullivan, D.P., Boeniger, M.F. | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: Background We studied the effects of removing small airborne particles in an office building without unusual contaminant sources or occupant complaints. Methods We conducted a double-blind crossover study of enhanced particle filtration in an office building in the Midwest U.S. in 1993. We replaced standard particle filters, in separate ventilation systems on two floors, with highly efficient filters, on alternate floors weekly over four weeks. Repeated-measures models were used to analyze data from weekly worker questionnaires and multiple environmental measurements. Results Bioaerosol concentrations were low. Enhanced filtration reduced concentrations of the smallest airborne particles by 94%. This reduction was not associated with reduced symptoms among the 396 respondents, but three performance-related mental states improved; for example, the confusion scale decreased (-3.7%; 95% confidence limits (CL) = -6.5, -0.9). Most environmental dissatisfaction variables also improved; eg, "stuffy" air, -5.3% (95% CL = -10.3, -0.4). Cooler temperatures within the recommended comfort range were associated with remarkably large improvement in most outcomes; for example, per 1ºC decrease, chest tightness decreased -23.4% (95% CL = -38.1, -8.7). Conclusions Benefits of enhanced filtration require assessment in buildings with higher particulate contaminant levels, in studies controlling for temperature effects. Benefits from lower indoor temperatures need confirmation. | |
| Report number: LBNL-51288 | Year: 2002 |
| Title: IEQ and the impact on building occupants | Published in: ASHRAE Journal, Volume 44, Pages 50-52. |
| Authors: Kumar, S., Fisk, W.J. | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: Research into indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and its effects on health, comfort, and performance of occupants is becoming an increasing priority as interest in high performance buildings and organizational productivity grows. Facility managers are interested in IEQ's close relationship to energy use in facilities. Employers, by providing excellent indoor environments, hope to enhance employee comfort and productivity, reduce absenteeism and health care costs, and reduce risk of litigation. The increasing interest in this field has put additional pressure on the research community as architects, engineers, facility managers, building investors, health officials, jurists, and the public seek practical guidelines on creating a safe, healthy, and comfortable indoor environment. Research on the relationships of IEQ to the health, comfort, and productivity of occupants has advanced considerably within the last decade. One of the primary goals of the Indoor Health and Productivity (IHP) Project is to communicate the results of this research, currently reported primarily in research publications, to building professionals. Consequently, the IHP project has worked with a peer review panel to select five key IHP papers and prepare summaries of these papers for publication in ASHRAE Journal. This article precedes those five summary articles, which will appear in the next five issues of the journal. This article summarizes the methodology employed to select the five papers, briefly summarizes the message of each paper, and discusses the practical implications for architects and engineers. More information about the objectives of the IHP project, results of research conducted under this project, and project sponsors and partners can be found at www.IHPCentral.org. The web site also has an online bibliography of approximately 900 papers on the topic of indoor health and productivity, drawn primarily from approximately 100 leading international journals and international conferences. | |
| Report number: LBNL-51289 | Year: 2002 |
| Title: IEQ and the impact on employee sick leave | Published in: ASHRAE Journal, Volume 44, Pages 97-98. |
| Authors: Kumar, S., Fisk, W.J. | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: When selecting minimum ventilation rates, employers need to strike a balance between the well-recognized energy costs of providing higher minimum ventilation rates and the expected, but less well quantified, health benefits from higher rate of ventilation. This is a summary of the paper by Milton et al. (2000) that found low employee sick leave associated with high ventilation rates in a set of buildings located in Massachusetts. A simple cost-benefit analysis is also presented. | |
| Report number: LBNL-49706 | Year: 2002 |
| Title: The role of Emerging Energy-Efficient Technology in Promoting Workplace Productivity and Health: Final Report | Published in: |
| Authors: Kumar, S., Fisk, W.J. | Type: Report |
| Abstract: When selecting minimum ventilation rates, employers need to strike a balance between the well-recognized energy costs of providing higher minimum ventilation rates and the expected, but less well quantified, health benefits from higher rate of ventilation. This is a summary of the paper by Milton et al. (2000) that found low employee sick leave associated with high ventilation rates in a set of buildings located in Massachusetts. A simple cost-benefit analysis is also presented. | |
| Report number: LBNL-49567 | Year: 2002 |
| Title: Do Indoor Environments in Schools Influence Student Performance? A Review of the Literature | Published in: Proceedings of the Indoor Air 2002 Conference, Monterey, CA, Volume 1, Pages 802-807. |
| Authors: Heath, G.A., Mendell, M.J. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: The goal of this paper was to critically review available evidence on relationships between indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in schools and student performance. Because available evidence from schools was limited, the review expanded to include studies on direct relationships between the performance of children and adults and the indoor environments in schools, workplaces, residences, and controlled laboratory settings. The most persuasive available evidence suggests that some aspects of IEQ, including low ventilation rate and less daylight or light, may reduce the performance of occupants, including students in schools. Other evidence identifies additional possible influences, such as pollen and some carpets. Substantial limitations in the quantity and quality of available research findings suggest many questions for future study. Sufficient evidence is available to justify (1) actions to safeguard IEQ in schools and (2) the conduct of focused, well-designed research to help guide future policies and actions regarding IEQ in schools. | |
| Report number: LBNL-51724 | Year: 2002 |
| Title: Worker Performance and ventilation: analysis of time-series data for a group of call-center workers | Published in: Proceedings of the Indoor Air 2002, Monterey, CA, Volume 1, Pages 790-795. |
| Authors: Fisk, W.J., Price, P. N., Faulkner, D, Sullivan, D, Dibartolomeo, D., Federspiel, C., Liu, D.L., Lahiff, M. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: We investigated the relationship of ventilation rates with the performance of advice nurses working in a call center. Ventilation rates were manipulated; temperatures, humidities, and CO2 concentrations were monitored; and worker performance data, with 30-minute resolution, were collected. Multivariate linear regression was used to investigate the association of worker performance with building ventilation rate, or with indoor CO2 concentration (which is related to ventilation rate per worker). Results suggest that the effect of ventilation rate on worker performance in this call center was very small (probably less than 1%) or nil, over most of the range of ventilation rate (roughly 12 L s-1 to 48 L s-1 per person). However, there is some evidence of worker performance improvements of 2% or more when the ventilation rate per person was very high, as indicated by the indoor CO2 concentration exceeding the outdoor concentration by less than 75 ppm. | |
| Report number: LBNL-51382 | Year: 2002 |
| Title: Ventilation rates and health | Published in: ASHRAE Journal, Volume 44, Pages 56-58. |
| Authors: Fisk, W.J., M.J. Mendell | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: This article summarizes the review by Seppänen et al. (1999) of current literature on the relationship of ventilation rates and carbon dioxide concentrations in non-residential and non-industrial buildings (primarily offices) with the health of the building's occupants and with the occupants' perceptions of indoor air quality (IAQ). While ventilation rates do not directly affect occupant health or perception outcomes, they affect indoor environmental conditions including air pollutant concentrations that, in turn, may modify the occupants' health or perceptions. The review aims to provide a better scientific basis for setting health-related ventilation standards. Space constraints prohibit a detailed description of both ventilation rate and carbon dioxide concentration studies; therefore, this summary focuses primarily on the ventilation rate studies. | |
| Report number: LBNL-51381 | Year: 2002 |
| Title: How IAQ affects health, productivity | Published in: ASHRAE Journal, Volume 44, Pages 56, 58-60. |
| Authors: Fisk, W.J. | Type: Journal Article |
| Abstract: This article, a summary of Fisk (2000a, 2000b), estimates the nationwide improvements in health and productivity potentially attainable by providing better indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in U.S. buildings. Estimates include the potential reductions in three categories of health effects, the associated economic benefits, and the potential direct improvements in productivity not mediated through health. Expected costs and benefits of improving IEQ are compared, with a brief discussion of energy implications. | |
| Report number: LBNL-50124 | Year: 2002 |
| Title: Worker performance and ventilation: Analyses of individual data for call-center workers | Published in: Proceedings of the Indoor Air 2002 Conference, Monterey, CA, Volume 1, Pages 796-801. |
| Authors: Federspiel, C.C., Liu, G., Lahiff, M., Faulkner, D., Dibartolomeo, D.L., Fisk, W.J., Price, P.N., Sullivan, D.P. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: We investigated the relationship between ventilation rates and work performance in a call center. We randomized the ventilation controls and measured ventilation rate, differential carbon dioxide (?CO2) concentration, temperature, humidity, occupant density, degree of under-staffing, shift length, time of day, and time required to complete two different work performance tasks (talk and wrap-up). ?CO2 concentrations ranged from 13 to 611 ppm. We used multi-variable regression to model the association between the predictors and the responses. We found that agents performed talk tasks fastest when the ventilation rate was highest, but that the relationship between talk performance and ventilation was not monotone. We did not find a statistically significant association between wrap-up performance and ventilation. At high temperatures agents were slower at both the talk and wrap-up tasks. Agents were slower at wrap-up during long shifts and when the call center was under-staffed. | |
| Report number: LBNL-49584 | Year: 2002 |
| Title: Indoor carbon dioxide concentrations and SBS symptoms in office buildings revisited: Analyses of the 100 building BASE Study dataset | Published in: Proceedings of the Indoor Air 2002 Conference, Monterey, CA, Volume 3, Pages 443-448. |
| Authors: Erdmann, C.A., Steiner, K.C., Apte, M.G. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: In previously published analyses of the 41-building 1994-1996 USEPA Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation (BASE) dataset, higher workday time-averaged indoor minus outdoor CO2 concentrations (dCO2) were associated with increased prevalence of certain mucous membrane and lower respiratory sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms, even at peak dCO2 concentrations below 1,000 ppm. For this paper, similar analyses were performed using the larger 100-building 1994-1998 BASE dataset. Multivariate logistic regression analyses quantified the associations between dCO2 and the SBS symptoms, adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, presence of carpet in workspace, thermal exposure, relative humidity, and a marker for entrained automobile exhaust. Adjusted dCO2 prevalence odds ratios for sore throat and wheeze were 1.17 and 1.20 per 100-ppm increase in dCO2 (p <0.05), respectively. These new analyses generally support our prior findings. Regional differences in climate, building design, and operation may account for some of the differences observed in analyses of the two datasets. | |
| Report number: LBNL-47457 | Year: 2001 |
| Title: Association of ventilation system type with SBS symptoms in office workers | Published in: Indoor Air, Volume 12, Pages 98-112. |
| Authors: Seppänen, O., Fisk, W.J. | Type: Journal Article |
| Report number: | Year: 2001 |
| Title: Letters to the Editor | Published in: Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, Volume 50, Pages 322. |
| Authors: Apte, M G., Lefohn, A.S. | Type: Journal Article |
| Report number: LBNL-48219 | Year: 2000 |
| Title: Research needs and approaches pertaining to the indoor climate and productivity | Published in: Healthy Buildings 2000, Volume 2, Pages 327-332. |
| Authors: Wyon, D., Fisk, W.J., Rautio, S., O. Seppanen, M. Tuomainen, J. Sateri | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: The indoor environment affects the health, comfort and performance of occupants. All three are important, but the cost of improved design, operation, maintenance and energy use in buildings must usually be justified in terms of the expected effects on productivity. While there is no doubt that effects on health, comfort and performance translate into effects on productivity, there is an urgent need to discover which of the hypothesised mechanisms of cause and effect are valid to quantify how much each mechanism affects productivity in different work situations, and to validate predictions in the field. | |
| Report number: LBNL-48246 | Year: 2000 |
| Title: Association of ventilation rates with health and other responses in commercial and institutional buildings | Published in: Healthy Buildings 2000 Conference, Pages 1-8. |
| Authors: Seppanen, O., Fisk, B., Olli Seppanen, Marianna Tuomainen, Jorma Sateri | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Report number: LBNL-48218 | Year: 2000 |
| Title: Review of health and productivity gains from better IEQ | Published in: Healthy Buildings 2000, Volume 4, Pages 23-24. |
| Authors: Fisk, W.J., O. Seppanen, M. Tuomainen, J. Sateri | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: The available scientific data suggest that existing technologies and procedures can improve indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in a manner that significantly increases productivity and health. While there is considerable uncertainty in the estimates of the magnitudes of productivity gains that may be obtained, the projected gains are very large. For the U.S., the estimated potential annual savings and productivity gains are $6 to $14 billion from reduced respiratory disease, $2 to $4 billion from reduced allergies and asthma, $10 to $30 billion from reduced sick building syndrome symptoms, and $20 to $160 billion from direct improvements in worker performance that are unrelated to health. Productivity gains that are quantified and demonstrated could serve as a strong stimulus for energy efficiency measures that simultaneously improve the indoor environment. | |
| Report number: LBNL-45484 | Year: 2000 |
| Title: Health and productivity gains from better indoor environments and their relationship with building energy efficiency | Published in: Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, Volume 25, Pages 537-566. |
| Authors: Fisk, W.J. | Type: Journal Article |
| Report number: LBNL-42123 | Year: 2000 |
| Title: Estimates of potential nationwide productivity and health benefits from better indoor environments: An update | Published in: Chapter 4 in Indoor Air Quality Handbook. |
| Authors: Fisk, W.J., Spengler, J.D., Samet, J.M., McCarthy, J.F. | Type: Book Section |
| Report number: LBNL-45019 | Year: 2000 |
| Title: Indoor carbon dioxide concentrations and SBS in office workers | Published in: Proceedings of the Healthy Buildings 2000 Conference, Helsinki, Finland, Volume 1, Pages 133-138. |
| Authors: Apte, M., Fisk, W., Daisey, J. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Report number: LBNL-44385 | Year: 2000 |
| Title: Associations between Indoor CO2 Concentrations and Sick Building Syndrome Symptoms in US Office Buildings: An Analysis of the 1994-1996 BASE Study Data | Published in: Indoor Air, Volume 10, Pages 246-257. |
| Authors: Apte, M., Fisk, B., Daisey, J. | Type: Journal Article |
| Report number: LBNL-43334 | Year: 1999 |
| Title: Association of ventilation rates and CO2 -concentrations with health and other responses in commercial and institutional buildings | Published in: Indoor Air, Volume 9, Pages 226-252. |
| Authors: Seppänen, O.A., Fisk, W.J., Mendell, M.J. | Type: Journal Article |
| Report number: LBNL-42221 | Year: 1999 |
| Title: Effects on Occupants of Enhanced Particle Filtration in a Non-Problem Office Environment: A Double-Blind Crossover Intervention Study | Published in: The American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Volume Supp 1, Pages 55-57. |
| Authors: Mendell, M. J., Fisk, W. J., Petersen, M., Hines, C. J., Faulkner, D., Deddens, J. A., Dong, M. X., Ruder, A. M., Sullivan, D., Boeniger, M. F. | Type: Journal Article |
| Report number: LBNL-42698 | Year: 1999 |
| Title: VOCs and "Sick Building Syndrome": Application of a New Statistical Approach for SBS Research to U.S. EPA BASE Study Data | Published in: Proceedings of the Indoor Air '99, Edinburgh, Scotland, Volume 1, Pages 117-112. |
| Authors: Apte, M.G. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Report number: LBNL-41849 | Year: 1998 |
| Title: Potential Nationwide Improvements in Productivity and Health from Better Indoor Environments | Published in: Proceedings of the 1998 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy and Efficiency in Buildings, Pacific Grove, CA, Volume 8, Pages 85-97. |
| Authors: Fisk, W.J., A.H. Rosenfeld | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Report number: | Year: 1998 |
| Title: The indoor environment -- productivity and health -- and $$$ | Published in: Planning for Energy and the Environment, Volume 17, Pages 53-57. |
| Authors: Fisk, W.J., Rosenfeld, A.H. | Type: Journal Article |
| Report number: LBNL-41546 | Year: 1998 |
| Title: The healthy building intervention study: Objectives, methods and results of Selected Environment Measurements | Published in: |
| Authors: Fisk, W.J., D. Faulkner, D. Sullivan, M. Dong, C. Dabrowski, Jr., J.J. Thomas, M.J. Mendell, C.J. Hines, A. Ruder, M. Boeniger | Type: Report |
| Report number: LBNL-39596 | Year: 1997 |
| Title: Estimates of Improved Productivity and Health from Better Indoor Environments | Published in: Indoor Air, Volume 7, Pages 158-172. |
| Authors: Fisk, W.J., Rosenfeld, A.H. | Type: Journal Article |
| Report number: LBNL-42555 | Year: 1996 |
| Title: Elevated symptom prevalence associated with ventilation type in office buildings: findings from the California Healthy Building Study | Published in: Epidemiology, Volume 7, Pages 583-589. |
| Authors: Mendell, MJ, Fisk, WJ, Deddens, JA, Seavey, WG, Smith AH, Smith DF, Hodgson, AT, Daisey JM, Goldman L. | Type: Journal Article |
| Report number: LBNL-37652 | Year: 1995 |
| Title: Development of New VOC Exposure Metrics and their Relationship to "Sick Building Syndrome" Symptoms | Published in: Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Pages 223. |
| Authors: Ten Brinke, J., Dr. Joan M. Daisey, Prof. Catherine P. Koshland | Type: Thesis |
| Report number: LBNL-260E | Year: 2008 |
| Title: A Pilot study of the accuracy of CO2 sensors in commercial buildings | Published in: IAQ 2007 Healthy and Sustainable Buildings. |
| Authors: Fisk, W.J., Faulkner, D., Sullivan, D.P. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: Carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors are often deployed in commercial buildings to obtain CO2 data that are used to automatically modulate rates of outdoor air supply. The goal is to keep ventilation rates at or above design requirements and to save energy by avoiding ventilation rates exceeding design requirements. However, there have been many anecdotal reports of poor CO2 sensor performance in actual commercial building applications. This study evaluated the accuracy of 44 CO2 sensors located in nine commercial buildings to determine if CO2 sensor performance, in practice, is generally acceptable or problematic. CO2 measurement errors varied widely and were sometimes hundreds of parts per million. Despite its small size, this study provides a strong indication that the accuracy of CO2 sensors, as they are applied and maintained in commercial buildings, is frequently less than needed to measure typical values of maximum one-hour-average indoor-outdoor CO2 concentration differences with less than a 20% error. Thus, we conclude that there is a need for more accurate CO2 sensors and/or better sensor maintenance or calibration procedures. | |
| Report number: LBNL-255E | Year: 2008 |
| Title: Can sorbent-based gas phase air cleaning for VOCs substitute for ventilation in commercial buildings? | Published in: IAQ 2007 Healthy and Sustainable Buildings. |
| Authors: Fisk, W.J. | Type: Conference Proceedings |
| Abstract: This paper reviews current knowledge about the suitability of sorbent-based air cleaning for removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the air in commercial buildings, as needed to enable reductions in ventilation rates and associated energy savings. The principles of sorbent air cleaning are introduced, criteria are suggested for sorbent systems that can counteract indoor VOC concentration increases from reduced ventilation, major findings from research on sorbent performance for this application are summarized, and related priority research needs are identified. Major conclusions include: sorbent systems can remove a broad range of VOCs with moderate to high efficiency, sorbent technologies perform effectively when challenged with VOCs at the low concentrations present indoors, and there is a large uncertainty about the lifetime and associated costs of sorbent air cleaning systems when used in commercial buildings for indoor VOC control. Suggested priority research includes: experiments to determine sorbent system VOC removal efficiencies and lifetimes considering the broad range and low concentration of VOCs indoors; evaluations of in-situ regeneration of sorbents; and an updated analysis of the cost of sorbent air cleaning relative to the cost of ventilation. | |
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